The Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) is responsible for overseeing foreign trade and investment, including regulations affecting cross-border data flows in commercial contexts.
Regulating Cross-Border Data in Trade: MOFCOM implements policies related to data as a component of digital trade and services. It collaborates with CAC to balance data security with the facilitation of international business.
Review of Foreign Investment in Data-Related Sectors: MOFCOM conducts reviews and approvals of foreign investments in sectors involving data processing and information technology, ensuring national security interests are protected.
5. State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR)
The State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) enforces laws related to consumer protection, data privacy, and fair market competition.
Consumer Data Protection: SAMR oversees compliance with personal information protection laws, particularly focusing on protecting Chinese consumers’ data even when services are provided by overseas entities.
Anti-Monopoly Enforcement: SAMR monitors large data-driven companies gambling data hong kong operating globally to prevent unfair practices and maintain competitive markets.
6. Other Relevant Agencies
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA): Although not directly regulating data operations, MFA plays a diplomatic role in negotiating international agreements related to cybersecurity and data governance.
People’s Bank of China (PBOC): Oversees cross-border data flows related to financial services and payment systems, ensuring compliance with financial regulations and security.
Conclusion
China’s approach to overseeing overseas data operations involves a complex network of agencies working collaboratively. The Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) stands at the center of regulatory control, supported by enforcement and sector-specific agencies such as the Ministry of Public Security (MPS), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), and State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR). Together, these agencies enforce laws and policies designed to secure China’s data sovereignty, regulate cross-border data flows, and promote China’s interests in the global digital landscape.
This multi-agency framework reflects China’s strategic priority to balance openness to global digital trade with stringent control over data security, privacy, and national sovereignty in the rapidly evolving digital era.
If you'd like, I can also provide a more specific focus on any particular agency or recent regulations.